Rainfall Variability and Rice Sustainability: An Evaluation Study of Two Distinct Rice-Growing Ecosystems

The inconsistency of the Indian monsoon has constantly threatened country’s food production, especially key crops such as rice. Crop planning measures based on rainfall patterns during rice-growing season can significantly improve sustainable water usage for water-intensive This study examines variability monsoonal in rainfed and irrigated rice-cultivating regions to utilization irrigation water-saving practices. Two distinct conditions southern peninsular India are chosen this study. preliminary seasonal analysis (1951–2015) showed anomalies Sadivayal (rainfed rice) region compared Karaikal (irrigated rice). dry-spell weekly classification suggested shifting sowing date earlier weeks Thaladi (September–February) Kar (May–September) avoid exposure stress Sadivayal. Harvesting excess rainwater wet is proposed a mitigation strategy vegetative stage Kuruvai (June–October) Late (October–February), where deficit expected. Results that an adaptation early most measure rice cultivation. However, harvesting ideal prevent deficient periods farming. comparative proposes comprehensive framework develop water-efficient cultivation practices changing patterns.